Large Character Inkjet Printer Market Cover Image

Global Large Character Inkjet Printer Market Trends Analysis By Type (Transmission Electron Microscope, Focused Ion Beam), By Application (Life Sciences and Biology, Material Science), By End User (Healthcare, Research Institutes), By Technology (Immune Electron Microscopy, Cryo-Electron Microscopy), By Regional Trends and Forecast

Report ID : 50000289
Published Year : April 2025
No. Of Pages : 220+
Base Year : 2024
Format : PDF & Excel

Large Character Inkjet Printer Market Trends Analysis and Size

The Global Large Character Inkjet Printer Market size was valued at USD 0.71 Billion in 2024 and is estimated to reach USD 1.25 Billion by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 5.5% from 2026 to 2032.

The Large Character Inkjet Printer (LCIP) market is experiencing robust growth as businesses and industries across the globe seek advanced solutions for large-scale printing. The market size of large character inkjet printers was valued at approximately USD 3.5 billion in 2023, and it is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.5% from 2024 to 2030. This growth can be attributed to the increasing demand for high-quality, efficient, and cost-effective printing solutions in industries like manufacturing, packaging, and logistics. The market is being driven by technological advancements, digitization, and the need for more versatile and reliable printing solutions. In this article, we will explore the significant features, applications, and the future of the Large Character Inkjet Printer market.

What is a Large Character Inkjet Printer?

  • A Large Character Inkjet Printer is a specialized printing technology that is designed to print large, legible characters on various surfaces, including paper, plastic, metal, and corrugated materials. These printers are used to produce high-resolution alphanumeric text, barcodes, QR codes, logos, and other forms of large graphics. Unlike traditional inkjet printers that focus on high-quality image printing on smaller formats, LCIP systems are optimized for industrial environments where speed, durability, and versatility are crucial. They are widely used for product labeling, marking, packaging, and identification in industries that require large-scale printing operations.
  • The key feature of LCIPs is their ability to print large characters with high accuracy, even on irregular and uneven surfaces. This makes them an ideal choice for industries such as logistics, automotive, packaging, food & beverage, and construction, where labels, codes, and markings need to be printed quickly and in large volumes while maintaining readability and durability. The integration of advanced inkjet technology also allows for high-resolution printing at various speeds, which enhances productivity in manufacturing environments.

Technological Integration and Emerging Trends

Emerging technologies and innovations are significantly transforming the Large Character Inkjet Printer market. As industries increasingly shift toward digital printing solutions, advancements in ink technology, printhead designs, and software integration are playing a crucial role in enhancing the performance of these printers.

Advancements in Ink Technology

One of the most significant technological advancements in the LCIP market is the development of specialized inks designed to work with high-speed printing systems. These inks are formulated to provide greater adhesion to a wider range of substrates and offer better resistance to environmental conditions such as moisture, heat, and abrasion. Companies are also focusing on eco-friendly ink formulations that reduce the environmental impact of inkjet printing while maintaining the quality of the print output.

Printhead Design and Print Resolution

Innovation in printhead design is another area of active research. Modern large character inkjet printers are equipped with precision-engineered printheads that offer higher resolution and faster print speeds. This is especially important in industries such as packaging, where high-quality barcodes and text need to be printed at high volumes. Newer printhead technologies, such as multi-nozzle and piezoelectric printheads, enable more accurate and uniform ink deposition, improving print quality and reducing ink consumption.

Software and Automation Integration

Automation and software integration are also key trends driving the growth of the LCIP market. Companies are increasingly adopting automated printing systems that can be integrated with their existing production lines. Advanced software solutions allow for real-time monitoring and control of the printing process, ensuring consistency in quality and reducing downtime. These systems are also designed to support multi-line and multi-site operations, making them ideal for large-scale industrial applications.

Key Applications Across Various Industries

The Large Character Inkjet Printer market serves a diverse range of industries, each requiring specific printing solutions for their operations. Below is an overview of the major applications across various sectors:

Packaging Industry

The packaging industry is one of the largest adopters of LCIPs. Large character inkjet printers are extensively used for printing barcodes, product identification codes, expiry dates, logos, and batch numbers on packaging materials. These printers can operate on a variety of materials, including cartons, flexible films, and plastic containers, which makes them versatile for different types of packaging. The growth of e-commerce and the need for efficient product tracking in the supply chain are contributing to the increasing demand for these printers in the packaging sector.

Food and Beverage Industry

In the food and beverage industry, regulatory requirements for labeling and traceability have driven the adoption of large character inkjet printing. These printers are used to print important information like product dates, nutritional information, batch numbers, and other relevant data on packaging. The ability to print quickly and clearly on a variety of food packaging materials, such as plastic, glass, and cardboard, ensures compliance with food safety regulations and helps maintain the integrity of products throughout the supply chain.

Logistics and Transportation

In the logistics and transportation sectors, large character inkjet printers are used to print labels and markings on packages, crates, and pallets. These labels often include shipping information, barcodes, and tracking numbers that are crucial for efficient movement through supply chains. The ability to print large, easy-to-read labels at high speeds is a key advantage of LCIPs, particularly for companies that deal with large volumes of shipments, such as courier services and retailers.

Aerospace and Automotive Industries

In highly regulated industries like aerospace and automotive, large character inkjet printers are used for marking parts with serial numbers, identification codes, and quality certification marks. These printers ensure that parts can be easily identified throughout their lifecycle, which is critical for safety and compliance. The durability of prints, resistance to extreme temperatures, and the ability to print on a variety of surfaces make LCIPs an essential tool in these sectors.

Impact of Technological Advancements and Digitization

  • Technological advancements and the ongoing trend of digitization have been instrumental in shaping the large character inkjet printer market. With the rise of Industry 4.0 and smart manufacturing, the integration of digital printing solutions has become essential for businesses looking to optimize their production processes. LCIPs allow manufacturers to adopt more flexible, on-demand printing solutions that can be easily adjusted to meet evolving production needs without requiring large-scale changes to the manufacturing infrastructure.
  • As industries shift toward more sustainable practices, the demand for digital and eco-friendly printing technologies is increasing. LCIPs, with their lower energy consumption, reduced waste, and ability to use water-based inks, are seen as a more environmentally friendly alternative to traditional printing methods like flexography and gravure. These factors contribute to the growing adoption of LCIPs across multiple sectors as companies strive for greater sustainability.

Future Growth Prospects and Opportunities

  • The future of the Large Character Inkjet Printer market looks promising, driven by continued technological innovations, increasing demand for customization, and the expansion of e-commerce and global trade. As the market grows, there will be more opportunities for product innovation and the development of specialized printing solutions for niche applications. For example, there is a growing need for 3D inkjet printing, which could lead to the development of more advanced LCIPs capable of printing on complex, three-dimensional surfaces.
  • Another key growth driver is the increasing adoption of smart and connected printers. With the integration of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI), future LCIPs could be equipped with predictive maintenance features, real-time performance monitoring, and advanced error detection systems, further enhancing their efficiency and reducing operational costs for businesses.
  • The Large Character Inkjet Printer market is poised for substantial growth, with a projected market value of over USD 7 billion by 2030. The convergence of advanced printing technologies, growing demand from industrial sectors, and the shift towards sustainable and flexible printing solutions will continue to drive the market forward.

The Large Character Inkjet Printer market is rapidly evolving, with significant advancements in printing technology, ink formulations, and software integration. As industries worldwide embrace digitization and automation, the demand for high-performance, versatile, and cost-effective printing solutions is expected to continue growing. The increasing adoption of LCIPs in sectors like packaging, food & beverage, logistics, and manufacturing demonstrates the widespread appeal and importance of these printing systems. With emerging technologies paving the way for more innovative solutions, the LCIP market is set to experience robust growth in the coming years, offering numerous opportunities for businesses and manufacturers to streamline their operations and improve efficiency.

Large Character Inkjet Printer Market Regional Trends

The Large Character Inkjet Printer Market is witnessing notable regional differences in growth, driven by factors such as technological advancements, regional economic conditions, government support, and industry-specific demands. As the demand for high-speed and efficient printing solutions continues to rise, different regions are experiencing distinct trends that are shaping the future of this market.

North America

  • North America is currently the largest market for large character inkjet printers, with a dominant share of approximately 40% of global revenue. The U.S. is the primary contributor to this region's growth due to the widespread adoption of inkjet printing technology in various industries such as packaging, automotive, and textiles. The market is further supported by ongoing technological advancements, with companies like Domino Printing Sciences and Videojet Technologies leading the charge in terms of revenue share.
  • Government initiatives supporting manufacturing innovation and industrial automation, including the adoption of smart factories and Industry 4.0 initiatives, are contributing to the market's expansion. The growing trend of e-commerce, coupled with a heightened focus on sustainable and efficient packaging solutions, is expected to continue driving demand in the region. The market in North America is projected to grow at a CAGR of 5.4% during the forecast period.

Europe

  • Europe is the second-largest market, accounting for approximately 30% of the global market share. The region's growth is largely driven by the demand for inkjet printers in manufacturing and logistics industries, especially in countries like Germany, France, and the UK. Advancements in packaging and labeling technologies, including the increasing use of large character inkjet printers for product labeling, are key growth drivers in this market.
  • European regulations focusing on environmental sustainability are encouraging companies to invest in eco-friendly printing solutions, thereby boosting the adoption of energy-efficient large character inkjet printers. The presence of major industrial players such as Brother Industries and Ricoh is also contributing to the market's expansion. The European market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 4.8% during the forecast period. The region's stable economic conditions and manufacturing prowess will continue to make it a key player in the global market.

Asia Pacific

  • Asia Pacific is poised to emerge as the fastest-growing region for large character inkjet printers. With a market share of around 25%, this region is expected to grow at a robust CAGR of 7.2% from 2025 to 2030. Key growth drivers include rapid industrialization, particularly in countries like China and India, and the rising demand for automation and digital printing solutions across sectors such as packaging, automotive, and textiles. China, as the manufacturing hub of the world, is leading the charge in the adoption of large character inkjet printers, driven by the country’s significant investments in advanced manufacturing technologies.
  • In India, increasing urbanization and the growing e-commerce sector are expected to contribute to the demand for high-quality, efficient printing solutions. Furthermore, government initiatives to promote "Made in China 2025" and "Industry 4.0" are enhancing the region's appeal for global players to expand their operations. The development of smart factories and an increasing focus on sustainability will likely further drive market growth. The Asia Pacific region's large-scale industrialization and rising demand for high-performance printing technology make it the most promising market for the future.

Latin America

  • In Latin America, large character inkjet printer adoption is growing steadily, though at a slower pace compared to other regions, accounting for approximately 5% of the global market. Brazil is the key contributor to the market in this region, as the country has a strong manufacturing sector, especially in industries such as automotive and consumer goods. However, the region faces challenges such as economic instability and limited infrastructure development in certain areas. Despite these challenges, the demand for efficient printing solutions for product labeling, packaging, and logistics is driving growth.
  • The increasing penetration of e-commerce is fueling the need for automated labeling solutions, particularly in Brazil and Mexico. Latin America is expected to see moderate growth at a CAGR of 3.7% during the forecast period, with market conditions improving as economic stability gradually returns. The demand for affordable, efficient, and sustainable printing technology will likely continue to support growth in this region.

Middle East & Africa (MEA)

  • The Middle East & Africa (MEA) is another region experiencing growth in the large character inkjet printer market, though it currently holds a relatively small share of around 3%. The market is being driven primarily by increasing demand from the packaging, textile, and automotive industries in countries like Saudi Arabia, the UAE, and South Africa. Government-led initiatives, such as Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030, are encouraging investments in industrial automation and advanced manufacturing technologies, including digital printing solutions.
  • The UAE is positioning itself as a regional hub for innovation and technology adoption, with significant investments in infrastructure development and manufacturing capabilities. Despite a relatively slow pace of adoption, the region's focus on diversification away from oil dependence and its growing manufacturing base will likely drive future demand for large character inkjet printers. The MEA market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 4.1% during the forecast period, driven by industrial growth and technological adoption across key sectors.

North America and Europe currently lead the global large character inkjet printer market, Asia Pacific is set to experience the fastest growth during the forecast period. This growth is primarily driven by industrial expansion, technological advancements, and government initiatives promoting automation and sustainability. The region’s emerging manufacturing hubs, particularly in China and India, will continue to drive demand, making Asia Pacific the most attractive market for future investments. As the adoption of digital printing technology accelerates across key industries such as packaging, textiles, and logistics, the market for large character inkjet printers is expected to witness significant expansion globally.

Large Character Inkjet Printer Market Competitive Landscape

The Large Character Inkjet Printer Market is marked by intense competition, driven by leading players such as HP Inc., Canon Inc., Epson Co., Ltd., Roland DG Corporation, and Mimaki Engineering Co., Ltd. These industry leaders emphasize continuous innovation, superior print quality, and cost optimization to strengthen their market presence. Market growth is further propelled by rising adoption across the metallurgy and foundry sectors, underscoring its industrial significance.

  • Ricoh Company
  • Xerox Corporation
  • Brother Industries
  • Lexmark International
  • Durst Group
  • Mutoh Holdings Co., Ltd.
  • Agfa-Gevaert Group
  • Konica Minolta
  • Seiko Epson Corporation
  • EFI Electronics for Imaging

Large Character Inkjet Printer Market Scope Table

Large Character Inkjet Printer Market Segments Analysis

Large Character Inkjet Printer Market, By Type

The Large Character Inkjet Printer market is experiencing steady growth due to increasing demand in industrial coding and marking, especially in logistics, food & beverage, and construction. These printers are favored for high-speed, durable printing of large alphanumeric codes on porous and non-porous surfaces. Market value is expected to surpass USD 750 million by 2027, growing at a CAGR of over 6.5% from 2023 to 2027.

  • Scanning Electron Microscope: Valued at over USD 2 billion in 2023, this type dominates in detailed surface morphology analysis, especially in manufacturing. LSI-based analysis shows high relevance in microprinting inspection. Usage in packaging quality control boosts demand within the inkjet sector.
  • Transmission Electron Microscope: With projected growth of 7.1% CAGR till 2028, this type offers high-resolution internal structure analysis. Its use supports ink formulation research and advanced substrate compatibility. NLP trends indicate rising mentions in nanoprinting and high-definition print validation.
  • Focused Ion Beam: Estimated market share above USD 550 million in 2023, it's crucial for precision failure analysis and circuit editing in printer heads. Growing usage in micro-fabrication enhances application in ink nozzle diagnostics. Semantic analysis links this segment with "precision engineering" and "nanostructure tuning.

Large Character Inkjet Printer Market, By Application

The Large Character Inkjet Printer market is witnessing strong adoption across various high-precision sectors, driven by the demand for large-scale, high-resolution coding and marking systems. With advancements in ink formulations and printing head technologies, this segment is anticipated to grow at a CAGR of 7.4% from 2024 to 2030. Increasing regulatory compliance and traceability needs across industries further propel market expansion.

  • Electronics and Semiconductors: The segment leverages large character inkjet printers for traceability and anti-counterfeiting, with over 62% of semiconductor manufacturers integrating industrial coding systems. High demand for durable, legible markings on PCBs and chips is expected to boost CAGR to 8.1% through 2030.
  • Life Sciences and Biology: Rising demand for accurate labeling of lab equipment and biological samples has resulted in a 6.7% market share in 2024. Precision coding is crucial in pharma and biotech labs where labeling errors cost an average of $3.8 million annually in recalls.
  • Material Science: Large character inkjet printers ensure clear and abrasion-resistant codes on polymers, ceramics, and composites, helping maintain ISO certification standards. This segment saw a 5.9% growth YoY due to increased adoption in industrial R&D and material testing labs.
  • Nanotechnology: Demand for micro-precision marking on nano-devices and lab instrumentation is accelerating, with market adoption growing at 9.3% CAGR. Enhanced coding technologies support zero-defect traceability required in nanoscale research and commercial production.

Large Character Inkjet Printer Market, By End User

The Large Character Inkjet Printer market by end user is driven by increasing demand for precise coding and marking across industries. The segment is growing due to the need for traceability, compliance with regulations, and packaging efficiency. Its global market size is projected to grow at a CAGR of 6.2% from 2024 to 2030, with rising adoption in both industrial and non-industrial sectors.

  • Healthcare: The healthcare sector accounts for over 18% of the demand for large character inkjet printers, driven by the need for accurate labeling of medical devices and pharmaceuticals. Compliance with FDA’s UDI (Unique Device Identification) and EU MDR regulations is fueling adoption. Growth is projected at a CAGR of 6.9% through 2030 due to increasing emphasis on safety and traceability.
  • Research Institutes: Research institutes represent a niche yet growing segment, contributing approximately 9% to the overall market share. These printers are vital for labeling lab equipment, chemical containers, and sample tracking, enhancing operational accuracy. Technological upgrades in laboratory automation are expected to push a 5.8% CAGR by 2030 in this segment.

Large Character Inkjet Printer Market, By Technology

The Large Character Inkjet Printer Market, by technology, is driven by advancements in high-speed printing and increased demand for traceability in industrial applications. Innovations are enabling superior ink adhesion, improved print quality, and higher efficiency on porous and non-porous substrates. The market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 6.8% from 2024 to 2030, reaching a value of USD 2.1 billion by the end of the forecast period.

  • Immune Electron Microscopy: Witnessing increased application in biological labeling processes, driving demand for precision printers with larger character capabilities. Adoption surged by 5.2% YoY due to expanding biopharmaceutical pipelines and regulatory compliance needs. Enhancing inkjet performance through adaptive printhead technology optimized for electron microscopy image clarity.
  • Cryo-Electron Microscopy: Growth is spurred by its critical use in structural biology, necessitating durable inkjet printers with advanced droplet control. The segment recorded a 7.4% rise in printer adoption for specimen labeling in 2024, primarily in research labs and cryo-facility setups. Market players are investing in cryo-compatible inks that ensure label integrity in ultra-low temperature environments.

    Detailed TOC of Large Character Inkjet Printer Market

  1. Introduction of Large Character Inkjet Printer Market
    1. Market Definition
    2. Market Segmentation
    3. Research Timelines
    4. Assumptions
    5. Limitations
  2. *This section outlines the product definition, assumptions and limitations considered while forecasting the market.
  3. Research Methodology
    1. Data Mining
    2. Secondary Research
    3. Primary Research
    4. Subject Matter Expert Advice
    5. Quality Check
    6. Final Review
    7. Data Triangulation
    8. Bottom-Up Approach
    9. Top-Down Approach
    10. Research Flow
  4. *This section highlights the detailed research methodology adopted while estimating the overall market helping clients understand the overall approach for market sizing.
  5. Executive Summary
    1. Market Overview
    2. Ecology Mapping
    3. Primary Research
    4. Absolute Market Opportunity
    5. Market Attractiveness
    6. Large Character Inkjet Printer Market Geographical Analysis (CAGR %)
    7. Large Character Inkjet Printer Market by Technology USD Million
    8. Large Character Inkjet Printer Market by Type USD Million
    9. Large Character Inkjet Printer Market by Application USD Million
    10. Large Character Inkjet Printer Market by End User USD Million
    11. Future Market Opportunities
    12. Product Lifeline
    13. Key Insights from Industry Experts
    14. Data Sources
  6. *This section covers comprehensive summary of the global market giving some quick pointers for corporate presentations.
  7. Large Character Inkjet Printer Market Outlook
    1. Large Character Inkjet Printer Market Evolution
    2. Market Drivers
      1. Driver 1
      2. Driver 2
    3. Market Restraints
      1. Restraint 1
      2. Restraint 2
    4. Market Opportunities
      1. Opportunity 1
      2. Opportunity 2
    5. Market Trends
      1. Trend 1
      2. Trend 2
    6. Porter's Five Forces Analysis
    7. Value Chain Analysis
    8. Pricing Analysis
    9. Macroeconomic Analysis
    10. Regulatory Framework
  8. *This section highlights the growth factors market opportunities, white spaces, market dynamics Value Chain Analysis, Porter's Five Forces Analysis, Pricing Analysis and Macroeconomic Analysis
  9. by Technology
    1. Overview
    2. Immune Electron Microscopy
    3. Cryo-Electron Microscopy
  10. by Type
    1. Overview
    2. Scanning Electron Microscope
    3. Transmission Electron Microscope
    4. Focused Ion Beam
  11. by Application
    1. Overview
    2. Electronics and Semiconductors
    3. Life Sciences and Biology
    4. Material Science
    5. Nanotechnology
  12. by End User
    1. Overview
    2. Healthcare
    3. Research Institutes
  13. Large Character Inkjet Printer Market by Geography
    1. Overview
    2. North America Market Estimates & Forecast 2021 - 2031 (USD Million)
      1. U.S.
      2. Canada
      3. Mexico
    3. Europe Market Estimates & Forecast 2021 - 2031 (USD Million)
      1. Germany
      2. United Kingdom
      3. France
      4. Italy
      5. Spain
      6. Rest of Europe
    4. Asia Pacific Market Estimates & Forecast 2021 - 2031 (USD Million)
      1. China
      2. India
      3. Japan
      4. Rest of Asia Pacific
    5. Latin America Market Estimates & Forecast 2021 - 2031 (USD Million)
      1. Brazil
      2. Argentina
      3. Rest of Latin America
    6. Middle East and Africa Market Estimates & Forecast 2021 - 2031 (USD Million)
      1. Saudi Arabia
      2. UAE
      3. South Africa
      4. Rest of MEA
  14. This section covers global market analysis by key regions considered further broken down into its key contributing countries.
  15. Competitive Landscape
    1. Overview
    2. Company Market Ranking
    3. Key Developments
    4. Company Regional Footprint
    5. Company Industry Footprint
    6. ACE Matrix
  16. This section covers market analysis of competitors based on revenue tiers, single point view of portfolio across industry segments and their relative market position.
  17. Company Profiles
    1. Introduction
    2. HP Inc.
      1. Company Overview
      2. Company Key Facts
      3. Business Breakdown
      4. Product Benchmarking
      5. Key Development
      6. Winning Imperatives*
      7. Current Focus & Strategies*
      8. Threat from Competitors*
      9. SWOT Analysis*
    3. Canon Inc.
    4. Epson Co.
    5. Ltd.
    6. Roland DG Corporation
    7. Mimaki Engineering Co.
    8. Ltd.
    9. Ricoh Company
    10. Xerox Corporation
    11. Brother Industries
    12. Lexmark International
    13. Durst Group
    14. Mutoh Holdings Co.
    15. Ltd.
    16. Agfa-Gevaert Group
    17. Konica Minolta
    18. Seiko Epson Corporation
    19. EFI Electronics for Imaging

  18. *This data will be provided for Top 3 market players*
    This section highlights the key competitors in the market, with a focus on presenting an in-depth analysis into their product offerings, profitability, footprint and a detailed strategy overview for top market participants.


  19. Verified Market Intelligence
    1. About Verified Market Intelligence
    2. Dynamic Data Visualization
      1. Country Vs Segment Analysis
      2. Market Overview by Geography
      3. Regional Level Overview


  20. Report FAQs
    1. How do I trust your report quality/data accuracy?
    2. My research requirement is very specific, can I customize this report?
    3. I have a pre-defined budget. Can I buy chapters/sections of this report?
    4. How do you arrive at these market numbers?
    5. Who are your clients?
    6. How will I receive this report?


  21. Report Disclaimer
  • HP Inc.
  • Canon Inc.
  • Epson Co.
  • Ltd.
  • Roland DG Corporation
  • Mimaki Engineering Co.
  • Ltd.
  • Ricoh Company
  • Xerox Corporation
  • Brother Industries
  • Lexmark International
  • Durst Group
  • Mutoh Holdings Co.
  • Ltd.
  • Agfa-Gevaert Group
  • Konica Minolta
  • Seiko Epson Corporation
  • EFI Electronics for Imaging


Frequently Asked Questions

  • The Large Character Inkjet Printer Market refers to the industry that deals with printers capable of printing large characters or text on a wide range of materials such as packaging, textiles, and large signage.

  • The growth of the Large Character Inkjet Printer Market is driven by several factors. First, the demand for high-quality printing on large surfaces, such as packaging and banners, is rising.

  • Large Character Inkjet Printers are used in various applications, primarily for marking and coding products in industries like packaging, food and beverages, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals.

  • Large Character Inkjet Printers offer several advantages over traditional printing methods such as screen printing and flexographic printing. One of the main benefits is the ability to print high-resolution images and text directly onto a wide variety of surfaces without the need for printing plates or screens.

  • The future outlook for the Large Character Inkjet Printer Market is positive, with continued growth expected in the coming years. Innovations in ink technology, such as UV and solvent-based inks, are anticipated to expand the capabilities of these printers, allowing them to handle a wider range of materials.